Large load
State policy, legislation, commission proceedings, and the contract, credit, and cost-allocation terms that determine who bears large-load development risk.
Jurisdictions
15
Updated Jul 22, 2026
State policy and requirements
Compare the governing approach, current status, and enforceable customer protections. Open a state for legislation, proceedings, and utility terms.
15 of 15 jurisdictions
StateCurrent approachPolicy statusCurrent recordsOpen
ArizonaAZUtility-specific tariffs and energy service agreementsArizona is reviewing statewide consistency while APS, TEP, and other providers use utility-specific extra-high-load tariffs and negotiated agreements.Adopted + under review1 regulatory proceedingFloridaFLUtility-specific tariff filings under FPSC reviewNo single statewide retail tariff; Duke has a pending 50 MW large-load proposal.Under review1 regulatory proceeding · 1 enacted lawGeorgiaGAGeorgia Power utility-specific rulesEffective Georgia Power rules apply to new customers at 100 MW or more; contracts and implementation terms remain utility- and customer-specific.Adopted1 regulatory proceeding · 2 bills under reviewIllinoisILUtility-specific tariff reviewComEd's large-load-related distribution-extension tariff is in appellate review; Illinois has not adopted one statewide retail large-load tariff.Under review1 regulatory proceeding · 1 bill under reviewLouisianaLAState policy and utility-specific large-load implementationThe LPSC is developing guidance for large-load additions and private-use electrical networks; enforceable service terms remain utility-specific.Under review1 regulatory proceeding · 1 bill under reviewMichiganMIUtility terms and special contractsConsumers terms approved; DTE tariff follow-up orderedAdopted2 regulatory proceedingsNew JerseyNJUtility-specific tariffs and contractsUtility-specific precedent; no statewide model tariffAdopted1 effective tariff · 1 regulatory proceeding · 1 bill under reviewNew YorkNYStatewide large-load interconnection and cost-allocation reviewCase 26-E-0045 is evaluating planning, interconnection, cost allocation, and tariff reforms for large loads; utility tariffs remain in force unless changed by Commission order.Under review1 regulatory proceeding · 1 bill under reviewNorth CarolinaNCUtility-specific planning and programs under Commission oversightNo dedicated statewide large-load tariff was identified in the reviewed Commission summary.Policy only1 bill under reviewOhioOHUtility-specific tariffs and contractsAEP Ohio data-center tariff approved and in useAdopted1 regulatory proceedingOregonORUtility-specific large-customer tariffs and demand proceedingsOregon is addressing rapid large-customer demand through utility-specific tariff, planning, and resource proceedings rather than one statewide retail tariff.Adopted1 regulatory proceeding · 1 enacted lawPennsylvaniaPAStatewide model tariffStatewide model tariff with utility-specific implementationAdopted1 effective tariff · 2 regulatory proceedings · 1 bill under reviewTexasTXGrid and interconnection rulesERCOT interconnection rules plus Batch Zero study processAdopted1 regulatory proceeding · 1 enacted lawVirginiaVAUtility-specific tariffs and contractsDominion GS-5 approved; effective January 1, 2027Adopted1 regulatory proceedingWisconsinWIUtility-specific tariffs and contractsWe Energies has effective standardized tariffs. Wisconsin Power and Light has a preliminary Commission decision modifying one customer agreement and requiring a stand-alone tariff for future large loads.Adopted + under review2 regulatory proceedings · 2 bills under review
ArizonaUtility-specific tariffs and energy service agreementsArizona is reviewing statewide consistency while APS, TEP, and other providers use utility-specific extra-high-load tariffs and negotiated agreements.Policy: Adopted + under reviewRecords: 1 regulatory proceedingFloridaUtility-specific tariff filings under FPSC reviewNo single statewide retail tariff; Duke has a pending 50 MW large-load proposal.Policy: Under reviewRecords: 1 regulatory proceeding · 1 enacted lawGeorgiaGeorgia Power utility-specific rulesEffective Georgia Power rules apply to new customers at 100 MW or more; contracts and implementation terms remain utility- and customer-specific.Policy: AdoptedRecords: 1 regulatory proceeding · 2 bills under reviewIllinoisUtility-specific tariff reviewComEd's large-load-related distribution-extension tariff is in appellate review; Illinois has not adopted one statewide retail large-load tariff.Policy: Under reviewRecords: 1 regulatory proceeding · 1 bill under reviewLouisianaState policy and utility-specific large-load implementationThe LPSC is developing guidance for large-load additions and private-use electrical networks; enforceable service terms remain utility-specific.Policy: Under reviewRecords: 1 regulatory proceeding · 1 bill under reviewMichiganUtility terms and special contractsConsumers terms approved; DTE tariff follow-up orderedPolicy: AdoptedRecords: 2 regulatory proceedingsNew JerseyUtility-specific tariffs and contractsUtility-specific precedent; no statewide model tariffPolicy: AdoptedRecords: 1 effective tariff · 1 regulatory proceeding · 1 bill under reviewNew YorkStatewide large-load interconnection and cost-allocation reviewCase 26-E-0045 is evaluating planning, interconnection, cost allocation, and tariff reforms for large loads; utility tariffs remain in force unless changed by Commission order.Policy: Under reviewRecords: 1 regulatory proceeding · 1 bill under reviewNorth CarolinaUtility-specific planning and programs under Commission oversightNo dedicated statewide large-load tariff was identified in the reviewed Commission summary.Policy: Policy onlyRecords: 1 bill under reviewOhioUtility-specific tariffs and contractsAEP Ohio data-center tariff approved and in usePolicy: AdoptedRecords: 1 regulatory proceedingOregonUtility-specific large-customer tariffs and demand proceedingsOregon is addressing rapid large-customer demand through utility-specific tariff, planning, and resource proceedings rather than one statewide retail tariff.Policy: AdoptedRecords: 1 regulatory proceeding · 1 enacted lawPennsylvaniaStatewide model tariffStatewide model tariff with utility-specific implementationPolicy: AdoptedRecords: 1 effective tariff · 2 regulatory proceedings · 1 bill under reviewTexasGrid and interconnection rulesERCOT interconnection rules plus Batch Zero study processPolicy: AdoptedRecords: 1 regulatory proceeding · 1 enacted lawVirginiaUtility-specific tariffs and contractsDominion GS-5 approved; effective January 1, 2027Policy: AdoptedRecords: 1 regulatory proceedingWisconsinUtility-specific tariffs and contractsWe Energies has effective standardized tariffs. Wisconsin Power and Light has a preliminary Commission decision modifying one customer agreement and requiring a stand-alone tariff for future large loads.Policy: Adopted + under reviewRecords: 2 regulatory proceedings · 2 bills under review
Terms that shift risk
Customer protections at a glance
Each row is a distinct tariff, contract, proceeding, or statute—not a statewide default. Open the record to see every captured term and its official source.
| State | Applies to | Record | Key protections |
|---|---|---|---|
| ArizonaAZ | Arizona Public Service | APS Extra High Load Factor tariffEffective | Payment: Greater of tariff charges or the contract minimumTerm: Contract-specific electric service agreementCredit: Contract-specific security and contribution obligations |
| FloridaFL | Duke Energy Florida | Duke Energy Florida large-load tariffIn progress | Payment: 75%–85% of contract demand plus a 60% load-factor floorTerm: 20 yearsCredit: Letter of credit, cash, or parent guaranty |
| GeorgiaGA | Georgia Power | Georgia Power alternate rate planEffective | Payment: Customer-specific minimum billingTerm: Customer-specific extended termCredit: Performance and credit support as Georgia Power deems appropriate |
| IllinoisIL | ComEd | ComEd distribution-extension and large-load protectionsIn progress | Payment: Ten-year transmission payment guaranteeTerm: Ten-year transmission service agreementCredit: A-/A3 letter-of-credit standard |
| LouisianaLA | Entergy Louisiana | Louisiana private-use electrical networks for new large loadsIn progress | Credit: No enforceable statewide standard adopted |
| MichiganMI | Statewide | Consumers Energy Rate GPD large-load provisionsEffective | Payment: 80% of contracted demandTerm: 15 yearsCredit: Default collateral equals 50% of the exit fee |
| MichiganMI | Statewide | DTE Electric 1,383 MW data-center special contractsApproved | Payment: 80% of contracted demandTerm: 19 yearsCredit: Upfront collateral required · public summary does not quantify |
| New JerseyNJ | Rockland Electric | Rockland Electric 2025 base rate caseEffective | Payment: No dedicated take-or-pay requirement in SC7Term: No special contract term stated in SC7Credit: No dedicated collateral standard stated in SC7 |
| North CarolinaNC | State legislation | SB 1026 · Power Bill Protection / Large Load Tariffin committee | Payment: Minimum-payment protection contemplatedTerm: Long-term commitment contemplatedCredit: Financial-security protections contemplated |
| OhioOH | Statewide | AEP Ohio Schedule DCTEffective | Payment: 85% above the first 25 MW · 100% above 75 MW The tariff uses a tiered formula rather than one flat percentage for the customer's full contract capacity.Term: Load-ramp period plus 8 yearsCredit: 50% of total minimum charges for the full contract term Collateral is waived only if the customer meets both the specified A-/A3 ratings and the liquidity test exceeding ten times the collateral requirement. |
| OregonOR | Portland General Electric | PGE Schedule 96 large-load tariffEffective; review pending | Payment: 90% generation and transmission minimum demandTerm: 10–30 years based on load sizeCredit: A-/A3 senior unsecured rating or qualifying support |
| PennsylvaniaPA | Statewide | Pennsylvania model tariff for large-load customersRules effective; implementation ongoing | Payment: 80% of contracted demandTerm: 5+ years after a 3–5 year rampCredit: Network and interconnection costs |
| PennsylvaniaPA | PPL Electric | PPL Electric Utilities general rate caseEffective; review pending | Payment: Firm 80% then 50% · interruptible 60% then 30% Minimum-demand percentages step down after years one through five of the service agreement.Term: 10 yearsCredit: Security equal to rate-base cost of required upgrades |
| TexasTX | Statewide | ERCOT large-load interconnection rules and Batch ZeroRules effective; implementation ongoing | Payment: Not a retail-rate provisionTerm: Not a retail-contract provisionCredit: Not established by the ERCOT rules |
| VirginiaVA | Dominion Energy Virginia | Dominion Energy Virginia 2025 biennial reviewRules effective; implementation ongoing | Payment: 85% T&D · 60% generation demandTerm: At least 14 yearsCredit: Up to 60% of minimum charges over the contract term The obligation applies to new customers without sufficient credit that contract for service on or after January 1, 2027. |
| WisconsinWI | We Energies | We Energies very-large-customer tariffsEffective; court challenge pending | Payment: Transmission billed at greater of forecast or actual demandTerm: 15-year VLC term; resource term follows asset lifeCredit: Security unless A-/A3 plus financial test is met |
| WisconsinWI | Alliant Energy — Wisconsin | Alliant data-center service agreement and ordered tariffIn progress | Credit: Commission-imposed financial safeguards |